Vitamin E is an essential nutrient for horses. This antioxidant helps maintain normal neurological function by limiting the damage caused by oxidative stress and free radicals. The best source of vitamin E is fresh green grass. Horses that graze on lush green pastures often have adequate access to vitamin E. However, many stabled horses are not maintained on pasture. Vitamin E levels decrease and eventually are lost as soon as grass is harvested, so even the highest-quality hay will not meet vitamin E requirements. Some horses maintained on diets deficient in vitamin E can experience significant health consequences.
Vitamin E helps a horse’s muscles and nerves function properly. A dietary deficiency can lead to three specific diseases: 1) equine neuroaxonal dystrophy/equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy (eNAD/EDM), 2) equine motor neuron disease (EMND) and 3) vitamin E deficient myopathy (VEM). These diseases are typically diagnosed based on clinical signs, exclusion of other disorders, and low concentrations of vitamin E in the blood.
Equine neuroaxonal dystrophy/equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy occurs in young animals and has a genetic predisposition. Affected horses may stand with forelimbs too far apart (or too close together), have difficulty navigating curbs or hills, or lack coordination while walking and making tight turns. Signs of the disease can vary, some horses show mild performance issues, while others are severely debilitated. Although the exact cause of the degeneration is unknown, a specific interaction between genetics and nutrition during the first few years of life is required for this disease to manifest.
Researchers in the Finno Laboratory are working to develop a genetic test for eNAD/EDM. Until one is available, the recommendation is to provide vitamin E supplementation to horses that do not have regular access to pasture, especially pregnant mares and newborn foals. This may not eliminate the disease, but it appears that less severe neurological signs may develop if foals receive supplementation during the early stages of life.
Equine motor neuron disease typically occurs in older horses that have been vitamin E deficient for more than 18 months. The disease affects lower motor neurons, which are nerves that supply the direct neurological input into all muscles. In their absence, the associated muscles atrophy, resulting in the clinical signs of weakness and weight loss characteristic of this disease. Affected horses may carry their heads low and lie down for longer periods. Research from Cornell University has shown that approximately 40% of horses affected by EMND improve with vitamin E supplementation, 40% stabilize but remain disfigured, and 20% progress in disease severity.
Vitamin E deficient myopathy is typically found in horses with a shorter duration of vitamin E deficiency. Affected horses exhibit muscle weakness, low muscle vitamin E concentrations and mitochondrial alterations (i.e. changes to the “power house” energy storage unit of the cell) in skeletal muscle but show no evidence of neurologic impairment. With proper supplementation, affected animals are generally able to recover within three months.
These diseases are currently the only conditions definitively associated with vitamin E deficiency. At this time, nothing is known about vitamin E metabolism in horses, the appropriate dosage, or its actual efficacy in preventing or treating other neurological conditions. In humans, the same enzymes that metabolize vitamin E also metabolize approximately 50 percent of therapeutic drugs, so supplementation with vitamin E could potentially alter the effects of other drugs if a horse is on multiple therapies. Therefore, while vitamin E supplementation may not necessarily be harmful with respect to other neurologic diseases, it is unlikely to be beneficial.
Since there are no effective treatments for most diseases caused by vitamin E deficiency, prevention is key. If horses are not able to access fresh pastures to graze, vitamin E must be supplemented in their diets. However, not all vitamin E supplements are created equally. For detailed information on vitamin E supplementation, please refer to a recent issue of the UC Davis Horse Report.
Baseline blood vitamin E concentrations should always be assessed before initiating any vitamin E supplementation. Owners should consult with their veterinarians to determine if vitamin E supplementation is required and identify the best supplementation regimen for their particular horse.
For more information contact author Carrie Finno, DVM, PhD, DACVIM (Large Animal) at cjfinno@ucdavis.edu at the UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine.
